Regulation and Ethics in Digital Political Communication A Systematic Review of Regulatory Frameworks, Algorithmic Transparency, and Democratic Accountability in the Platform Era

Abstract

The rapid evolution of digital platforms has fundamentally transformed political communication, creating unprecedented challenges for regulatory frameworks and ethical standards worldwide. This study conducts a systematic review of 78 peer-reviewed articles published between 2019 and 2025 across Scopus-indexed Q1 journals, examining the intersection of platform governance, algorithmic transparency, disinformation regulation, and democratic accountability. Drawing on deliberative democracy theory (Habermas, 1991), platform governance (Gillespie, 2018), and the TARES ethical persuasion model (Baker & Martinson, 2001), the review identifies three critical regulatory paradigms: the European co-regulatory approach (DSA + Regulation 2024/900), the U.S. self-regulatory model (Section 230), and emerging hybrid frameworks. Results reveal persistent gaps between regulatory intent and enforcement capacity. The first DSA enforcement fine of €120 million was imposed on X in December 2025.